Chapter 6: ESTAR Verb - Temporary States
Argentine Spanish Focused A0-A1 Level
📖 What You'll Learn in This Chapter
✅ Complete ESTAR verb conjugation (especially with vos)
✅ Expressing location: "Estoy en casa"
✅ Expressing emotions: "Estoy contento"
✅ Describing temporary states: "Está cerrado"
✅ Present Continuous: ESTAR + Gerund structure
✅ Basic SER vs ESTAR differences
✅ Argentine-specific uses and examples
📚 Introduction: Why ESTAR?
In Spanish, we have two options for the verb "to be": SER and ESTAR. In the previous chapter, you learned SER - that was for permanent characteristics. Now we're learning ESTAR - this is for temporary states!
🎯 Basic Difference
- SER = Permanent, unchanging things ("Soy argentino")
- ESTAR = Temporary, changeable states ("Estoy cansado")
In Argentina, knowing this difference is crucial because wrong usage can create completely different meanings!
🔤 6.1. ESTAR Verb Conjugation
ESTAR is an irregular verb with special conjugation rules. Since we use vos in Argentina, learning this conjugation is critical!
📋 Present Tense Conjugation
Person | Pronoun | ESTAR | Pronunciation | English |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st sing. | Yo | estoy | [es-TOY] | I am/I'm located |
2nd sing. | Vos | estás | [es-TAS] | you are/you're located |
3rd sing. | Él/Ella/Usted | está | [es-TA] | he/she is/is located |
1st plur. | Nosotros/as | estamos | [es-TA-mos] | we are/we're located |
2nd plur. | Ustedes | están | [es-TAN] | you all are/are located |
3rd plur. | Ellos/Ellas | están | [es-TAN] | they are/they're located |
⚠️ Important Notes
- Vos estás - Most commonly used form in Argentina
- In all forms, stress is on the final syllable (note the accent marks!)
- "Vosotros" form is not used in Argentina
- Ustedes is used for both formal and informal plural
🗣️ Pronunciation Tips
- estoy: short "es", stressed "TOY"
- estás: stress on "TAS" syllable, clear "s" sound
- está: final syllable stressed, long "a"
- estamos: stress on "TA" syllable
- están: stress on "TAN" syllable
🏠 6.2. Using ESTAR with Vos
In Argentine Spanish, using vos with ESTAR is fundamental to daily life. Here are the most common situations:
💭 Basic Structure
Vos estás + [location/state/adjective]
📍 Location Examples
Vos estás...
- en casa - you're at home
- en el trabajo - you're at work
- en la universidad - you're at university
- en el centro - you're downtown
- en la plaza - you're at the square
😊 Emotion Examples
Vos estás...
- contento/a - you're happy
- triste - you're sad
- cansado/a - you're tired
- nervioso/a - you're nervous
- emocionado/a - you're excited
🌟 Argentine Street Examples
- "¿Dónde estás, che?" - Where are you, buddy?
- "Estoy re contento!" - I'm super happy! (re = very, Argentine slang)
- "¿Estás jodiendo?" - Are you kidding? (joder = to joke, colloquial)
- "Estoy hasta las manos" - I'm swamped (idiom)
🎯 Common Mistakes
❌ Wrong: "Vos sos cansado" (like a permanent trait)
✅ Right: "Vos estás cansado" (currently tired)
❌ Wrong: "Vos sos en casa"
✅ Right: "Vos estás en casa"
📍 6.3. Location: "Estoy en casa"
The most basic use of ESTAR is to indicate location. When saying where we are, we always use ESTAR.
🏢 Basic Places - Buenos Aires Focused
Home and Neighborhood
- Estoy en casa - I'm at home
- Estás en el barrio - You're in the neighborhood
- Está en el depto (departamento) - He's in the apartment
- Estamos en la terraza - We're on the terrace
- Están en el patio - They're in the yard
Buenos Aires Locations
- Estoy en Palermo - I'm in Palermo
- Estás en la Boca - You're in La Boca
- Está en el microcentro - He's in the city center
- Estamos en Puerto Madero - We're in Puerto Madero
- Están en San Telmo - They're in San Telmo
Public Places
- Estoy en la parada - I'm at the bus stop
- Estás en el subte - You're in the subway
- Está en la estación - He's at the station
- Estamos en la plaza - We're in the square
- Están en el parque - They're in the park
🚌 Transportation Locations
- Estoy en el bondi - I'm on the bus (bondi = bus, Argentine)
- Estás en el taxi - You're in the taxi
- Está en el tren - He's on the train
- Estamos en el auto - We're in the car
- Están en la moto - They're on the motorcycle
🗣️ Conversation Examples
Dialogue 1: Phone Conversation
- A: "¿Dónde estás?"
- B: "Estoy en el laburo" (trabajo = work)
- A: "¿A qué hora salís?"
- B: "Estoy saliendo ya"
Dialogue 2: Meeting Up
- A: "¿Estás en la cafetería?"
- B: "Sí, estoy acá. ¿Vos dónde estás?"
- A: "Estoy llegando, en cinco minutos estoy"
🎯 Location Prepositions
- en - in/at (general location)
- sobre - on top of
- bajo - under
- delante de - in front of
- detrás de - behind
- al lado de - next to
- cerca de - near
- lejos de - far from
Examples:
- Estoy cerca de la estación - I'm near the station
- Está lejos de acá - It's far from here
- Estamos delante del cine - We're in front of the cinema
😊 6.4. Emotions: "Estoy contento"
ESTAR is essential for expressing emotions because emotions are temporary states.
💝 Basic Emotions
Positive Emotions
- Estoy contento/a - I'm happy
- Estoy feliz - I'm happy/joyful
- Estoy alegre - I'm cheerful
- Estoy emocionado/a - I'm excited
- Estoy entusiasmado/a - I'm enthusiastic
Negative Emotions
- Estoy triste - I'm sad
- Estoy enojado/a - I'm angry
- Estoy molesto/a - I'm annoyed
- Estoy preocupado/a - I'm worried
- Estoy nervioso/a - I'm nervous
Neutral States
- Estoy tranquilo/a - I'm calm
- Estoy relajado/a - I'm relaxed
- Estoy confundido/a - I'm confused
- Estoy sorprendido/a - I'm surprised
🇦🇷 Argentine Emotion Expressions
Argentine Slang Emotions
- Estoy re contento - I'm super happy (re = very)
- Estoy chocho - I'm delighted (chocho = pleased)
- Estoy de buen humor - I'm in a good mood
- Estoy bajoneado - I'm down (bajón = depression)
- Estoy pudrido - I'm fed up
Argentine Culture and Emotions
- Estoy caliente - I'm angry (caution: also has sexual meaning!)
- Estoy con ganas de - I feel like...
- Estoy hincha - I'm a fan (football)
- Estoy manija - I'm super excited (youth slang)
😤 Emotion Intensity
Mild Emotions
- Estoy un poco + adjective
- Estoy medio + adjective (somewhat)
Examples:
- Estoy un poco cansado - I'm a bit tired
- Estoy medio nervioso - I'm somewhat nervous
Strong Emotions
- Estoy muy + adjective
- Estoy súper + adjective
- Estoy re + adjective (Argentine)
Examples:
- Estoy muy feliz - I'm very happy
- Estoy súper nervioso - I'm super nervous
- Estoy re enojado - I'm really angry
🗣️ Emotion Dialogues
Dialogue 1: How are you?
- A: "¿Cómo estás, che?"
- B: "Estoy bárbaro, ¿y vos?"
- A: "Estoy medio cansado, pero bien"
Dialogue 2: Sharing Problems
- A: "¿Qué tal? Te veo preocupado"
- B: "Estoy nervioso por el examen"
- A: "Tranqui, vos estás preparado"
🎭 Emotion + Reason
Structure: Estoy + emotion + por/porque + reason
Examples:
- Estoy contento por la noticia - I'm happy about the news
- Estoy preocupado porque llegás tarde - I'm worried because you're late
- Estoy emocionado por el viaje - I'm excited about the trip
🔄 6.5. Temporary States: "Está cerrado"
Another important use of ESTAR is to express temporary states.
🏪 Businesses and Their States
Open/Closed States
- El negocio está abierto - The shop is open
- La farmacia está cerrada - The pharmacy is closed
- El banco está funcionando - The bank is operating
- La tienda está por abrir - The store is about to open
Buenos Aires Daily States
- El subte está funcionando - The subway is running
- La calle está cortada - The street is closed
- El semáforo está roto - The traffic light is broken
- La plaza está llena - The square is full
🌡️ Physical States
Temperature and Weather
- Está caliente - It's hot (object)
- Está frío - It's cold (object)
- Está tibio - It's warm
- Está helado - It's frozen
Cleanliness and Order
- Está limpio - It's clean
- Está sucio - It's dirty
- Está ordenado - It's tidy
- Está desordenado - It's messy
🍕 Food States
Preparation State
- La comida está lista - The food is ready
- El asado está cocinándose - The barbecue is cooking
- La pizza está fría - The pizza is cold
- El café está caliente - The coffee is hot
Taste and Quality
- Está rico - It's delicious
- Está salado - It's salty
- Está dulce - It's sweet
- Está feo - It tastes bad
🚗 Vehicle and Object States
Working Condition
- El auto está funcionando - The car is working
- La tele está prendida - The TV is on
- El celular está cargando - The phone is charging
- La computadora está apagada - The computer is off
Physical Condition
- Está roto - It's broken
- Está nuevo - It's new (condition)
- Está usado - It's used
- Está gastado - It's worn out
🏠 House and States
House States
- La casa está vacía - The house is empty
- La habitación está ocupada - The room is occupied
- La cocina está desordenada - The kitchen is messy
- El baño está libre - The bathroom is free
🎯 ESTAR vs SER Comparison
State vs Characteristic Examples
ESTAR (Temporary) | SER (Permanent) | Explanation |
---|---|---|
Está rico | Es rico | Tasty vs Rich |
Está aburrido | Es aburrido | Bored vs Boring |
Está listo | Es listo | Ready vs Smart |
Está verde | Es verde | Unripe vs Green |
Está viejo | Es viejo | Aged vs Old |
🗣️ State Dialogues
Dialogue 1: Restaurant
- A: "¿Está abierto el restaurante?"
- B: "Sí, está abierto hasta las 12"
- A: "¿La comida está lista?"
- B: "Está saliendo ya"
Dialogue 2: Technology
- A: "Mi celular está roto"
- B: "¿Qué le pasa?"
- A: "La pantalla está agrietada"
🆚 SER vs ESTAR: Basic Differences
Before finishing this chapter, let's reinforce the basic differences between SER and ESTAR.
📊 Comparison Chart
Usage | SER | ESTAR | Example |
---|---|---|---|
Identity | ✅ | ❌ | Soy argentino |
Location | ❌ | ✅ | Estoy en casa |
Emotion | ❌ | ✅ | Estoy feliz |
Profession | ✅ | ❌ | Soy médico |
Temporary state | ❌ | ✅ | Está cerrado |
Permanent trait | ✅ | ❌ | Es alto |
🎯 Memory Techniques
SER = Definition (Who/What)
- Ser = Soy (I am...)
- Permanent identity, characteristic, definition
ESTAR = Static (How/Where)
- Estar = En (where)
- Temporary location, state, emotion
⚡ Quick Test
- "I'm tired" → Estoy cansado (temporary)
- "I'm a doctor" → Soy médico (identity)
- "The shop is closed" → Está cerrado (state)
- "This is a table" → Es una mesa (definition)
🎯 Practice Exercises
Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks
Write the correct ESTAR conjugation:
- Yo _____ en casa. (estoy)
- Vos _____ contento. (estás)
- Él _____ en el trabajo. (está)
- Nosotros _____ cansados. (estamos)
- Ellos _____ en la plaza. (están)
Exercise 2: SER or ESTAR?
Choose the correct verb:
- La puerta _____ abierta. (está - state)
- Vos _____ de Argentina. (sos - origin)
- Yo _____ médico. (soy - profession)
- Nosotros _____ en el cine. (estamos - location)
- El café _____ caliente. (está - state)
Exercise 3: Translation
Translate from English to Spanish:
- I'm tired → Estoy cansado/a
- You're at home → Estás en casa
- We're happy → Estamos contentos/as
- The shop is closed → La tienda está cerrada
- Where are you? → ¿Dónde estás?
Exercise 4: Argentine Sentences
Understand these sentences:
- "Estoy re contento, che" - I'm super happy, buddy
- "¿Dónde estás, boludo?" - Where are you, dude?
- "Estoy en el bondi" - I'm on the bus
- "El negocio está cerrado" - The business is closed
🗣️ Daily Conversation Patterns
Asking How Someone Is
- ¿Cómo estás? - How are you?
- ¿Qué tal estás? - How are you doing?
- ¿Todo bien? - Everything okay?
Asking Location
- ¿Dónde estás? - Where are you?
- ¿En qué parte estás? - What part are you in?
- ¿Estás cerca? - Are you close?
Stating Condition
- Estoy bien - I'm fine
- Estoy acá - I'm here
- Estoy llegando - I'm arriving
💡 Cultural Notes
🇦🇷 Argentine-Specific Uses
- "Re" intensifier: "Estoy re cansado" (I'm really tired)
- "Che" exclamation: "¿Cómo estás, che?" (how are you, buddy?)
- "Bárbaro" state: "Estoy bárbaro" (I'm great)
- "Bondi" usage: "Estoy en el bondi" (I'm on the bus)
🏠 ESTAR in Buenos Aires Life
- Morning: "Estoy saliendo" (I'm leaving)
- Noon: "Estoy en el laburo" (I'm at work)
- Evening: "Estoy volviendo" (I'm coming back)
- Night: "Estoy en casa" (I'm at home)
🔄 6.6. Present Continuous: ESTAR + Gerund
One of the most important uses of the ESTAR verb is forming the Present Continuous tense. This structure expresses "actions happening right now."
📖 What is the Gerund?
The gerund in Spanish is similar to the "-ing" ending in English. ESTAR + Gerund = action happening now.
Structure: ESTAR (conjugated) + Gerund
🔨 Forming the Gerund
Regular Verbs
-AR verbs: -ando ending
- hablar → hablando (speaking)
- caminar → caminando (walking)
- trabajar → trabajando (working)
-ER/-IR verbs: -iendo ending
- comer → comiendo (eating)
- beber → bebiendo (drinking)
- vivir → viviendo (living)
Irregular Gerunds
Important irregulars:
- ir → yendo (going)
- venir → viniendo (coming)
- decir → diciendo (saying)
- dormir → durmiendo (sleeping)
- leer → leyendo (reading)
💬 Using Present Continuous
Basic Structure
Subject + ESTAR (conjugated) + Gerund
Examples:
- Yo estoy hablando - I am speaking
- Vos estás comiendo - You are eating
- Él está trabajando - He is working
- Nosotros estamos estudiando - We are studying
- Ellos están durmiendo - They are sleeping
🇦🇷 Present Continuous in Argentina
Daily Uses
- "¿Qué estás haciendo?" - What are you doing?
- "Estoy mirando tele" - I'm watching TV
- "Está lloviendo" - It's raining
- "Estamos comiendo asado" - We're eating barbecue
- "Están charlando" - They're chatting
With Argentine Slang
- "Estoy laburando" - I'm working (laburo = work, slang)
- "¿Estás jodiendo?" - Are you kidding?
- "Estoy flasheando" - I'm spacing out/having fun
⏰ With Time Expressions
Right now:
- ahora - now
- en este momento - at this moment
- justo ahora - right now
Examples:
- Ahora estoy comiendo - I'm eating now
- En este momento está llegando - He's arriving right now
- Justo ahora estamos saliendo - We're leaving right now
🗣️ Present Continuous Dialogues
Dialogue 1: Phone Call
- A: "¿Qué estás haciendo?"
- B: "Estoy cocinando. ¿Y vos?"
- A: "Estoy volviendo del trabajo"
Dialogue 2: Plans
- A: "¿Dónde está Juan?"
- B: "Está estudiando en su cuarto"
- A: "¿Podemos hablar con él?"
- B: "Mejor esperamos, está concentrado"
🎯 Simple Present vs Present Continuous
Simple Present | Present Continuous | Meaning Difference |
---|---|---|
Hablo español | Estoy hablando español | I speak Spanish vs I'm speaking Spanish |
Como asado | Estoy comiendo asado | I eat barbecue vs I'm eating barbecue |
Trabajo acá | Estoy trabajando acá | I work here vs I'm working here |
⚠️ Things to Watch Out For
- Gerund never changes (gender/number)
- ESTAR conjugation is important (vos estás, not "vos está")
- Not all verbs express continuity
Not used:
- ser - to be (permanent)
- tener - to have
- saber - to know
🏠 A Day in Buenos Aires
Morning: "Estoy desayunando" (I'm having breakfast)
Noon: "Estoy almorzando" (I'm having lunch)
Afternoon: "Estoy trabajando" (I'm working)
Evening: "Estoy cenando" (I'm having dinner)
Night: "Estoy descansando" (I'm resting)